Navigation

navigating to your destination

 

 

 

some basic navigation

 

before you start
the easiest way to navigate is to look at the map and consider x basic steps of your navigational leg
find an attack point near to where you want to go to.
chose the easiest hand rail to your feature
visualise some ticking off features as you travel
decide on a catching feature to stop you walking to far

you are now ready to set off towards your destination (or attack point) using the above techniques as well as those described elsewhere on this site (measuring time and distance)

 

Attack point
An easily identified feature close enough to your objective to enable you to home in on it with some degree of certainty.  When you get to your attack point, you can then stop and consider the best way to cover that last few awarkward meters to your destination)
(if the destination is un-missable then the destination can be the attack point)

Handrails
The easiest form of navigation is to find something that is going where you want to go and then follow it
e.g. a path, a wall,

Ticking off features
this should be automatic as you pass features, such as path junction, stream, fence, they should be ticked off mentally. If a feature does not appear as expected, stop and check the map.

Catching feature
you will need to know how far to walk along your handrail, so look at the map and find a catching feature.  Use this as a "stop" indicator when you get near to where you want or to indicate you have gone to far.

 

Some harder techniques involving the use of a compass

 

Walking on a Bearing
Although this is a "traditional" navigation skill, it is hard to do accurately.  It is always easier to follow a feature (
handrail) that leads in the general direction of where you want to go until you get to the nearest know point (attack point).  Once you arrive at your attack point you can use a bearing for the final section of the navigational leg.
do not forget to use a
catching feature in the event that you are unable to find your destination by following your bearing.

Aiming off
Often more accurate than walking on a bearing. An example of this if you are aiming for a bridge on a stream, the chances of you hitting the bridge dead on are slim, especially in mist or when walking over a long distance. The trick is to deliberately aim to one side, then you will know which way to turn when you hit the stream to find the bridge.

Back-bearings
A back bearing can be used for two purposes

1)  to check if you are still walking on the correct bearing. For instance if you set off from a gate on a bearing and could not line up anything, when you get so far, turn round and line up the compass with the gate, to make sure you are on course. This is rare, as you can nearly always find something ahead of you to line up with.

2) it can also be used to return along your original route. Just turn the compass housing around 180° use the white end of the needle instead of the red.

Resections (sometimes called Triangulation or cocked Hat)
this is more of a technique to establish where you are when lost, or to find out how far along a long path you have walked.

You will need to accurately be able to identify two or three features from your current position.  Once you have identified these features, plot the bearing from them back to you onto your map. Your position is where the lines intersect.

If you use three points the resection will form a triangle and the theory is that you will be in the middle of the triangle.
If you use two points on the map the resection will form a X, you are at the point where the two lines cross.

Using three points is much more accurate than using two, the degree of accuracy of a resection should (with practice) be around a hundred meters)

It is important to know exactly where you are for a number of reasons. Firstly to see if you are in the right place and heading in the correct direction, to tell if you are ahead or behind time and secondly to tell the emergency services the exact position of an injured party in an emergency.

 

 

Other techniques

Navigating at Night or in Bad Weather
Check equipment, route and route cards. Keep the group together. Each person is responsible for the person in front and behind. A strong member should be at the rear to keep the group together. Don't be afraid to tell the leader to slow down. The leader should look around periodically to check that everyone is OK. Keep the map orientated at all times. Keep the legs short. Play safe, move from one easily identifiable feature to another, even if it means a slight detour.

Use the torch sparingly. It takes almost one hour for your eyes to become accustomed to the dark after exposure to bright light. A red filter on the torch will help, as red light doesn't bleach out the pigment in your eyes. Unfortunately, the brown contour lines tend to disappear in red light! In difficult conditions, i.e. winter or hard terrain, rope up. Keep your route well away from potential danger such as cliffs.

Another technique for fog or night is to send one person ahead on the required bearing. Shout when he reaches your limit of visibility. Send a second person past him and again, stop at the limit of visibility. The rest of you should then catch them up and start again.

If your group is on the ridge, and you see mist rolling over the next ridge, TAKE A BEARING. It won't be long before the mist covers the valley then your ridge. It will be too late then to try and work out where on the ridge you are, and you need to know exactly where you are in poor visibility. Night or bad weather are also situations where knowing exactly how fast you walk is great help.

Homing in on the Target
If you arrive in the general area of your objective, search the map for clues to its exact whereabouts. Failing this, you must set up a search. Do not run about in all directions.

 

Contouring
when navigating to a tricky destination sometimes it is a hard decision to make as to where you leave a handrail (such as a path) and then walk to your destination. It may not always be possible to accurately walk on a bearing.  One way you can navigate this section is to walk along your handrail until you get to the same height as your destination and then leave your handrail and contour around to your target.
this takes practice and you have to be careful to avoid the temptation to loses height as you contour.

 

Difficult decisions

 

Over or around?
Contouring round is longer but is less tiring. However, it is difficult to maintain your exact height. Take great care if attempting this at night or in bad weather, walk short legs with a compass and pace.